Let’s take SPSS - which, I assume, many of you have worked with previously - as a comparison. In short, what you will learn by learning programming in R is how to write functions for making R do the calculations you need. R uses functions to assign specific values (for instance, a single number or word, several numbers or words, whole data sets) to objects. This already hints towards the second, important aspect of R: It is influenced by functional programming, meaning that everything we do in R is a function call. For instance, the object word is characterized by the fact that it consists of characters (i.e., a word) - which may, for instance, prohibit you to calculate the mean of this object (which is something only possible for objects consisting of numeric data). Objects have specific properties that determine which types of calculations can be done with them (and which cannot). 14.1 Validating an automated content analysis.14 Tutorial 14: Validating automated content analyses.13.5 How do I include independent variables in my topic model?.13.4.2 Criterion 2: Interpretability and relevance of topics.13.4 How do I decide on the number of topics K that should be identified?.12 Tutorial 12: Rule-based approaches & dictionaries.11.2 Tokenization & removing numbers, punctuation, etc.
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